The Zimmermann Telegram Read online

  *Hirsch, Gilbert. “Our Friend Zimmermann,” New York Evening Post, November 25, 1916.

  *Houston, David F. Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet, 1913–1920. 2 vols. New York: Doubleday Page, 1926.

  **James, Admiral Sir William. The Eyes of the Navy; a Biographical Study of Admiral Sir Reginald Hall. London: Methuen, 1956.

  Jones, H. P., and Hollister, P. M. The German Secret Service in America, 1914–18. Boston: Small Maynard, 1918.

  Keynes, John Maynard. Economic Consequences of the Peace. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1920. (Invaluable for a first-hand portrait of Wilson and analysis of his limitations in diplomacy.)

  La Follette, Belle Case and Fola. Robert M. La Follette. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1953.

  Landau, Captain Henry. The Enemy Within. New York: Putnam, 1937.

  Lane, Franklin K. The Letters of Franklin K. Lane, ed. A. W. Lane and L. H. Wall. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1924.

  **Lansing, Robert. War Memoirs. Indianapolis and New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1935.

  *Literary Digest, March 17, 1917, “How Zimmermann United the United States.” (A survey of nationwide press opinion on the telegram.)

  Lloyd George, David. War Memoirs. 6 vols. Boston: Little, Brown, 1933–37.

  Ludendorff, Erich. Ludendorff’s Own Story, August 1914–November 1918. 2 vols. New York: Harper, 1920.

  MacAdam, George. “German Intrigues in Mexico,” World’s Work, September 1918.

  *Maximilian, Fürst von Baden. Memoirs. 2 vols. New York: Scribner’s, 1928.

  *McAdoo, William Gibbs. Crowded Years. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931.

  Moats, Leone B. Thunder in Their Veins. New York and London: Century, 1932. (Mexico during the revolutionary decade, by an observer.)

  *O’Shaughnessy, Edith (wife of Nelson O’Shaughnessy, First Secretary and later Chargé d’Affaires of the American Embassy in Mexico City, 1911–14). A Diplomat’s Wife in Mexico; Letters from the American Embassy at Mexico City. New York and London: Harper, 1916.

  ———. Diplomatic Days. New York: Harper, 1917.

  *———. Intimate Pages of Mexican History. New York: G. H. Doran, 1920.

  Papen, Franz von. Memoirs, tr. by Brian Connell. London: A. Deutsch, 1932.

  Phillips, William. Ventures in Diplomacy. Boston: Beacon, 1953.

  Pless, Mary Theresa Olivia, Fürstin von. Daisy, Princess of Pless, by Herself. New York: Dutton, 1929.

  Pooley, A. M. Japan’s Foreign Policies. London: Allen and Unwin, 1920.

  Providence Journal, pub. A Few Lines of Recent American History. Pamphlet, 23 pp., 1917.

  Rathom, John R. “Germany’s Plots Exposed,” World’s Work, February 1918.

  Redfield, William C. With Congress and Cabinet. New York: Doubleday Page, 1924.

  *Reinsch, Paul S. An American Diplomat in China. New York: Doubleday Page, 1922.

  Reischach, Freiherr von. Unter Drei Kaisern. Berlin: Verlag für Kulturpolitik, 1925.

  *Rintelen von Kleist, Franz. The Dark Invader, intro. by A. E. W. Mason. London: Lovat Dickson, 1933.

  ———. Return of the Dark Invader. London: Dickson and Thompson, 1935.

  *———. Foreword to Errant Diplomat, The Life of Franz von Papen, by Oswald Dutch (pseud.). London: E. Arnold, 1940.

  Roosevelt, Theodore. Fear God and Take Your Own Part. New York: G. H. Doran, 1916.

  ———. Letters, ed. by Elting E. Morison. 8 vols. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954.

  *———. and Lodge, Henry Cabot. Selections from the Correspondence of …2 vols. New York: Scribner’s, 1925.

  Round Table. The Roster of the Round Table Dining Club. New York: privately printed, 1926.

  Saturday Evening Post. “War Propaganda,” by One of the War Propagandists, Anonymous. Series of five articles, beginning June 22, 1929. (Internal evidence indicates that the author was George Sylvester Viereck.)

  Scott, Hugh L. Some Memories of a Soldier. New York: Century, 1928.

  Scott, James Brown. A Survey of International Relations between the United States and Germany, August 1, 1914–April 6, 1917. Based on Official Documents. New York: Oxford, 1917. (Especially Chapter IV, “Censorship of Communications.”)

  *Seymour, Charles. The Intimate Papers of Colonel House. 4 vols. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1926–28. (Referred to in Notes as Seymour, IP.)

  Sims, Joseph P., ed. Three Wars with Germany. New York: Putnam, 1944. (Correspondence of Admiral Hall and Amos J. Peaslee.)

  Somerville, Boyd. “The Frederik VIII at Halifax; story of an epic search,” Living Age, series 8, vol. 16, 1919.

  Steed, Henry Wickham. Through Thirty Years. 2 vols. New York: Doubleday Page, 1924.

  Strother, French. Fighting Germany’s Spies. New York: Doubleday Page, 1918.

  ———. “ ‘The Providence Journal Will Say This Morning,’ ” World’s Work, December 1917.

  Swope, Herbert Bayard. Inside the German Empire in the Third Year of the War. New York: Century, 1917.

  Thwaites, Lieutenant-Colonel Norman. Velvet and Vinegar. London: Grayson and Grayson, 1932. (By the agent who obtained the Bathing Beauty photograph.)

  Times, The (London). History of the War. 22 vols. London, 1921.

  Tompkins, Colonel Frank. Chasing Villa. Military Service Publishing Co., 1934.

  Treat, Payson Jackson. “Japan, America, and the Great War,” A League of Nations, No. 8, December 1918.

  Tumulty, Joseph P. Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him. New York: Doubleday Page, 1921.

  Viereck, George Sylvester. Spreading Germs of Hate. New York: Liveright, 1930.

  ———. The Strangest Friendship in History; Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House. New York: Liveright, 1932.

  *Voska, Emanuel Viktor, and Irwin, Will. Spy and Counterspy. New York: Doubleday, 1940.

  Weale, Putnam (pseud. of Bertram Lenox Simpson). An Indiscreet Chronicle from the Pacific. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1922.

  *Wilhelm II. Letters from the Kaiser to the Czar, ed. by Isaac Don Levine. New York: Stokes, 1920. (Referred to in Notes as Willy-Nicky letters.)

  Wilson, Henry Lane. Diplomatic Episodes in Mexico, Belgium and Chile. New York: Doubleday Page, 1927.

  Yardley, Herbert O. The American Black Chamber. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1931.

  Young, George, and Kenworthy, Joseph M. Freedom of the Seas. New York: Liveright, 1929. (Sir George Young became, after Ewing left, the chief cryptanalyst of the political division of Room 40.)

  *Zedlitz-Trützschler, Robert, Graf von. Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court. New York: Doran, 1924. (A particularly revealing study of the Kaiser by his unhappy Court Chamberlain.)

  IV. SECONDARY WORKS

  Bailey, Thomas A. A Diplomatic History of the American People. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1950.

  **Becker, Otto. Der Ferne Ostend und das Schicksal Europas, 1907–1918. Leipzig: Koehler und Amslang, 1940. (Important for Germany’s secret overtures to Japan.)

  Benson, Edward Frederic. The Kaiser and English Relations. New York: Longmans, 1936.

  Brenner, Anita, and Leighton, George. The Wind that Swept Mexico; a History of the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1942, with 184 historical photographs. New York and London: Harper, 1943.

  Cline, Howard F. The United States and Mexico. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953.

  Dennis, Alfred L. P. Adventures in American Diplomacy, 1896–1906. New York: Dutton, 1928.

  *Gooch, G. P. Recent Revelations of European Diplomacy. London: Longmans, 1927.

  Grattan, C. Hartley. Why We Fought. New York: Vanguard, 1929.

  Jessup, Philip C. Elihu Root. 2 vols. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1938.

  Kurenberg, Joachim von. The Kaiser; a Life of Wilhelm II. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955.

  *Link, Arthur Stanley. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917. New York: Harper, 1954.

  Ludwig, Emil. Wilhelm Hohenzollern, The Last of the Kaisers. New York and London: Putnam, 1927.
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  Martin, Perry Alvin. Latin America and the War. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1925.

  Mowat, Robert Balmain. A History of European Diplomacy, 1914–1925. New York and London: Longmans, 1927.

  Notter, Harley. The Origins of the Foreign Policy of Woodrow Wilson. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1937.

  Peterson, Horace Cornelius. Propaganda for War. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939.

  Pinchon, Edgcumb. Viva Villa! New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1933.

  Pratt, Fletcher. Secret and Urgent; the Story of Codes and Ciphers. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1939.

  Pringle, Henry F. Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1931.

  Reiners, Ludwig. The Lamps Went Out in Europe. New York: Pantheon, 1955.

  Schieber, Clara Eve. Transformation of American Sentiment toward Germany, 1870–1914. Boston: Cornhill, 1923.

  Spencer, Samuel R. Decision for War, 1917. Rindge, N. H.: Smith, 1953.

  Stevens, Louis. Here Comes Pancho Villa. New York: Stokes, 1930.

  Strode, Hudson. Timeless Mexico. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1944.

  *Sykes, Christopher. Wassmus: “The German Lawrence.” New York: Longmans, 1936.

  Tansill, Charles C. America Goes to War. Boston: Little, Brown, 1938.

  Vagts, Alfred. Mexico, Europa und Amerika. Berlin: Rothschild, 1928.

  Willson, Beckles. America’s Ambassadors to England, 1785–1929. New York: Stokes, 1929.

  Ybarra, Thomas R. Hindenburg; The Man with Three Lives. New York: Duffield and Green, 1932.

  THE BEGINNING

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  Originally published in the United States of America by Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.

  This edition published in the United States of America by Random House Trade Paperbacks 2014

  First published in Great Britain as an electronic edition in Penguin Books 2014

  Copyright © Barbara W. Tuchman, 1958, 1966

  Copyright renewed © Barbara W. Tuchman, 1986

  Copyright renewed © Dr Lester Tuchman, 1994

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  ISBN: 978-0-241-96827-7

  * Of Mexico.

  * After America entered the war, Rintelen was sent back to the United States, where he was tried for conspiracy with the National Peace Council to foment labor agitation. He was convicted and sentenced to a fine of two thousand dollars and a year’s imprisonment. A German offer to exchange him for twenty-one Allied officers of equal rank was not accepted. Two more trials and two more convictions followed in 1918 on charges of passport fraud and conspiracy to plant bombs on British ships. Altogether he was sentenced to a total of four years and two months. The Mexican conspiracy was never one of the charges. On November 19, 1920, he was released and his sentence commuted by the Attorney-General to the astonishment, indignation, and avid speculation of the public, or at least of the press. The rest is anti-climax. Embittered by the German Republic’s disavowal of his mission after the war, he published his version of the truth in two volumes of memoirs notable for a Munchausen-like quality of stretching the possible into the preposterous. Befriended by Admiral Hall, he took up residence in England and on the outbreak of World War II, predicting that Hitler would soon disappear and be replaced by Pastor Martin Niemöller, he offered his services to the British Navy. They were not accepted. He survived the war in an English detention camp for aliens, from which he emerged, grandiose to the last, with an offer to go to Nuremberg to defend the ten leading Nazis in the war crimes trials, describing himself for the occasion as a “specialist in international law,” a designation that raised eyebrows on people with long memories. He died in London in 1949, aged seventy-two.

  * The incident took place in 1909. “Everybody found it most entertaining, for the Count danced beautifully,” reported the Court Chamberlain. Upon retiring, the Count fell down dead of exhaustion.

  * Eventually this became evident to Wilson when, at Paris, he returned after an absence to find that House’s skill at conciliation had conciliated away the main principles he had been sticking for. This was one cause of the final break between them.

  * In a letter to President Wilson a year later, Page wrote that he had made up his mind to live twenty years more in order to be present at the opening of Admiral Hall’s papers, for “the man is a genius-a clear case of genius,” and writing his story would be “the shortest cut to immortality for him and for me that has yet occurred to me.” The hope was not to be fulfilled. Illness brought Page home a month before the Armistice, and a month after it he died. “I loved that man,” said Balfour, who was among the large group that came to say good-by to Page at Waterloo Station. “I almost wept when he left England.” Admiral Hall lived on to see the Second World War and died in 1943 at the age of seventy-three.